監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)≠會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督論文
在我國(guó)的會(huì)計(jì)理論和會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)中,早已有了“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”的概念,但至今尚無(wú)“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)察”的概念。以至于在會(huì)計(jì)理論、會(huì)計(jì)立法和會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)中,常常將“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”混同于“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”,造成了概念上的混淆。1999年修訂的《中華人民共和國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)法》(以下簡(jiǎn)稱《會(huì)計(jì)法》)就存在著這樣的問(wèn)題。為此,筆者將結(jié)合《會(huì)計(jì)法》的有關(guān)規(guī)定進(jìn)行具體分析,并就“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)察”概念的建立及其表述方法談一點(diǎn)個(gè)人看法。
一、會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督與監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)是兩個(gè)不同的概念
“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”與“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”從字面上看只是詞序上的顛倒,但仔細(xì)分析起來(lái),二者的含義是截然不同的。對(duì)于“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”概念,大家都比較熟悉,也有比較成型的定義。一般會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的定義表達(dá)了以下幾個(gè)基本含義:會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督性質(zhì)上屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督;會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的范圍限于經(jīng)濟(jì)組織內(nèi)部;會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的主體為會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)和會(huì)計(jì)人員;會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的客體為本單位經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),這個(gè)定義比較完整地表達(dá)了會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督的基本含義。
而“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”目前雖然還沒(méi)有一個(gè)成型的定義,但它與“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”概念有著嚴(yán)格的區(qū)別。其基本含義應(yīng)是“對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)所進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督”,監(jiān)督的性質(zhì)既屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督,也屬于行政監(jiān)督和法律監(jiān)督監(jiān)督的范圍也比會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督要寬泛得多,是對(duì)諸多會(huì)計(jì)主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督;監(jiān)督的主體是法律、法規(guī)所確認(rèn)的有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu);監(jiān)督的客體是會(huì)計(jì)主體的會(huì)計(jì)工作秩序,會(huì)計(jì)人員的任職資格等。我國(guó)新頒布的《會(huì)計(jì)法》就明確規(guī)定:財(cái)政部門對(duì)各單位的下列情況實(shí)施監(jiān)督:①是否依法設(shè)置會(huì)計(jì)賬簿;②會(huì)計(jì)憑證、會(huì)計(jì)賬傅、財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告和其他會(huì)計(jì)資料是否真實(shí)、完整;③會(huì)計(jì)核算是否符合本法和國(guó)家統(tǒng)一會(huì)計(jì)制度的規(guī)定;④從事會(huì)計(jì)工作的人員是否具備從業(yè)資格。筆者認(rèn)為,這里所規(guī)定的財(cái)政部門對(duì)各會(huì)計(jì)主體的監(jiān)督,就是對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)工作秩序和具體從事會(huì)計(jì)工作的人員的監(jiān)督,或簡(jiǎn)稱“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”。由此可見,“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”與上述“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”是根本不同的兩回事。
二、新《會(huì)計(jì)法》中不該發(fā)生的概念混淆
在新《會(huì)計(jì)法沖,將監(jiān)督性質(zhì)、監(jiān)督范圍、監(jiān)督主體和監(jiān)督客體根本不同的兩種情況都作為“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”加以界定,這顯然造成了“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”和“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”兩個(gè)概念之間不該有的混淆,也是對(duì)“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”概念的不適當(dāng)應(yīng)用。《會(huì)計(jì)法》在“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”一章的規(guī)定中,就既包括了本來(lái)意義上的會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督內(nèi)容,也包括了應(yīng)當(dāng)理解為“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)’他內(nèi)容。例如,“會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)、會(huì)計(jì)人員對(duì)違反本法和國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的會(huì)計(jì)制度規(guī)定的會(huì)計(jì)事項(xiàng),有權(quán)拒絕辦理或者按照職權(quán)予以糾正”;“會(huì)計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)、會(huì)計(jì)人員發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)計(jì)賬簿記錄與實(shí)物、款項(xiàng)及有關(guān)資料不相符的,按照國(guó)家統(tǒng)一的會(huì)計(jì)制度的規(guī)定有權(quán)自行處理的,應(yīng)當(dāng)及時(shí)處理;無(wú)權(quán)處理的,應(yīng)當(dāng)立即向單位負(fù)責(zé)人報(bào)告,請(qǐng)求查明原因,作出處理”等,應(yīng)屬于“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”的內(nèi)容。而在《會(huì)計(jì)法》的同一章中規(guī)定的財(cái)政部門法計(jì)師事務(wù)所。審計(jì)、稅務(wù)、人民銀行、證券監(jiān)管、保險(xiǎn)監(jiān)管等部門對(duì)各會(huì)計(jì)主體所進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督,則應(yīng)屬于“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”的內(nèi)容。
在《會(huì)計(jì)法》中,將“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”與“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”寫入同一章中,這種作法從表面上看似乎問(wèn)題并不嚴(yán)重,對(duì)兩種情況作不同的理解就可以了。但結(jié)合《會(huì)計(jì)法》的其他規(guī)定去看,有些問(wèn)題就不好解釋了。比如,在《會(huì)計(jì)法》第一章第五條的規(guī)定中,已經(jīng)將“實(shí)行會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”作為會(huì)計(jì)的基本職能之一加以確認(rèn),而在“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”有關(guān)條款的規(guī)定中,卻又加進(jìn)了“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”的有關(guān)內(nèi)容。如果這種將“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督’與“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”劃等號(hào)的作法能夠成立,那么,“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”是會(huì)計(jì)的職能,財(cái)政監(jiān)督、審計(jì)監(jiān)督、稅務(wù)監(jiān)督等“監(jiān)督會(huì)計(jì)”也可以被理解為會(huì)計(jì)的職能了。很顯然,這樣的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解并不正確,已對(duì)人們產(chǎn)生丁一定的誤導(dǎo)。
三、有必要建立‘償計(jì)監(jiān)察”概念
面對(duì)這些問(wèn)題,有兩種解決辦法可供選擇:一是對(duì)現(xiàn)有的“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督”定義進(jìn)行修改,使之符合《會(huì)計(jì)法》中的規(guī)定,即在“會(huì)計(jì)監(jiān)督
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