畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯-信息時(shí)代的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

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畢業(yè)論文外文資料翻譯-信息時(shí)代的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

題目交互式設(shè)計(jì)：

學(xué) 院

專業(yè)

班級(jí)

學(xué) 生學(xué) 號(hào)

指導(dǎo)教師

二〇一〇年三月二十三日

INTERACTION DESIGN: Industrial Design in the Information Age

Elaine Ann

Director, Kaizor Innovation

Abstract: This paper introduces a newly developed discipline in the U.S. and Europe: Interaction Design. As we enter the Information Age, products are no longer only electrical and mechanical, but also include computing and networked capability. Designing products highly interactive in nature becomes much more complex than before going beyond the traditional realm

of Industrial Design. Moreover, the fundamental definition of

requires a fundamental shift in thinking as well as new work methods. How people interact with

products, systems or environments and its social and cultural impact is what Interaction Design is

concerned about.

Keywords: Interaction design, user experience, networked products, interdisciplinary, industrial design.

1 Introduction

Traditional products are mechanical and electrical like toasters, shavers, walkmans etc. With

today's increased computing power, miniaturized chips and the advent of the Internet, this

drastically alters the meaning of traditional products. Industrial Design has always dealt with how

people interact with things, designing for a product's form factor, ergonomics, psychonomics etc.

Computing and networked products introduces a new dimension of interactivity beyond with its

physical form, but extends to the digital arena. Now that most products are embedded computing

with complex interaction, what should industrial designers design in the information and digital

age? How should industrial designers innovate for these new breeds of products?

2 Product nature redefined in the Information Age

2.1 Products are software driven

Traditional products are mainly physical in nature and design constrains are governed by

principles of physics and mechanics. Today, many products are in fact microcomputers in

disguise with computing capability storing more than 40GBs of digital information and ever

increasing processing speed. Products become hybrid in nature with both hardware and

software components. For example: traditional walkmans have evolved into digital MP3 music

players, mechanical cameras into digital cameras, cordless phones into cellular phones etc.

What defines a product is not so much dependent on the hardware when a products' function

resides more in its software capability. (Figure 1)

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2.2 Products are networked

Moreover, with the advent of the Internet, products can be networked and digital information

stored in products can be transferred and shared. Examples of such are sending SMS messages

between cellular phones, syncing contact information from a PDA to the desktop computer and

downloading music from the web to an MP3 player. Products are no longer standalone objects

but systems of highly dependent interacting components. As one of the prominent industrial

design events in the U.S. IDSA DesignAbout: Interactive Edges summarizes:

think about products as isolated objects that are designed, produced and inserted into people's

lives, nor can we think about products consisting of hardware design and software design.

Hardware and software need to become one, and products need to be thought of as part of a

bigger system of objects and spaces.

3 What is Interaction Design?

The field of Interaction Design is at its early infancy and has only been around for the past

decade or so. Since the birth of computing, designing computing systems has mainly been the

role of software engineers. Parallel to the field of architecture, civil engineers focus on designing

the structure of the building while architects design how people live within that structure; in the

world of computing, software engineers ensures the robustness of the software while interaction

designers design how people interact with computing systems and products,

The concept of computers used to be desktop computing, however as technology advances,

computers evolve beyond the desktop PC and permeates into every aspect of our lives.

Computers take the shape and form of everyday consumer electronic appliances such as MP3

players, car navigation systems to internet fridges. Thus the notion of designing for computer

screen

field of Industrial Design. The term

IDEO and it describes the design of the behavior of products, its task flow and structure of

information, making technology usable, understandable and pleasant for people to use. As Irene

McAra-McWilliam, a forerunner of the interaction design field describes,

have to understand people, how they experience things, how they themselves interact, and how

they learn.

4 Relationship between Industrial Design and Interaction Design

As products nature evolves, so does the role of its creators. Industrial designers' role in product

development has been designing the form factor and ergonomics of objects. A design project

usually starts with a design brief of mechanisms and electronics required of the product design.

And the industrial designer generates different physical form factors and styles suitable for the

user and target market.

Much of this is changing with the emerging new types of hybrid-networked products. First, with

software as an integral part of the products' user experience, industrial designers can no longer

design the hardware independent of the software experience. A button pushed on the hardware

can trigger a screen display and without close integration between hardware and software design,

the user's experience will be a frustrating one. Secondly, skills required of designers today are

beyond form making. The challenge that many corporations are facing is not what technology can

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do, but what technology should do. Designers' creativity can be expanded to more strategic roles

in redefining what these new product typologies should be and envision how people should

experience them.

A well illustrated example that Industrial Designers cannot design a product separately from its

interface and context of use is the public kiosks at the Amsterdam Airport (Figure 2). The kiosk

allows travelers at the airport to write email as well as access Internet information. It is composed

of two parts, a touch screen input interface at waist level and a large public screen above the

head. Such design did not consider the privacy aspect of the email activity as information entered

on the small screen also projects to the public on the large screen above. A touch screen

interface for entering email is also very cumbersome as the screen calibration of the virtual

keyboard misaligns and allows for errors in typing.

5 New Ways of Thinking and Working

A paradigm shift of product nature requires new ways of thinking and working. Software driven

and networked products adds complexity to product development and the old way of assigning

software functions to hard buttons after a product's physical form is complete will guarantee an

incoherent experience. Industrial designers need to consider the user experience as a whole

beyond a product's physical form. In addition, industrial designers also need to think beyond

designing standalone objects and consider systems of interdependent products.

To innovate for new products, Industrial Designers need to consider shifting the focus of

designing aesthetically pleasing objects to first understanding people's behaviors and needs. By

adopting a designer-researcher role to uncovering these latent needs can designers be inspired

to innovate based on experiences with real people.

With added complexity to products, it is necessary for industrial designers to break away from the

traditional notion of designing for hardware products and cross boundaries to work with

interdisciplinary teams of interaction designers, software engineers etc. This can help ensure a

more coherent user experience integrating hardware, software and distributed systems design. .

References

[1] Schmidt, A.

[2] Walker, A.

[3] Norman, D. The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the Personal Computer Is

So Complex, and Information Appliances Are the Solution. MIT Press (reprint), 1999.

[4] Preece, Rogers, Sharp. Interaction Design: beyond human-computer interaction. John Wiley

and Sons Inc., 2002

[5] Alben, L.

[6] Alben, L.

Interactions, May 1996.

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Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425.

交互式設(shè)計(jì)：信息時(shí)代的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

安綺麗

高介原創(chuàng)董事長

摘要這篇論文介紹的是發(fā)端于歐美的一種新的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)科：交互式設(shè)計(jì)。當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入信息時(shí)代，產(chǎn)品不再僅僅囿于電子產(chǎn)品和機(jī)械制品，還包括計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)。自然界中高度交互式的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)要比以前傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)形式復(fù)雜得多。此外，“產(chǎn)品”的基本定義正在接受挑戰(zhàn)，而且這種定義需要根本性的改變，已形成一種新的設(shè)計(jì)方式。交互設(shè)計(jì)所關(guān)注的是人是怎樣與產(chǎn)品、系統(tǒng)、環(huán)境以及社會(huì)文化因素相互影響的。

關(guān)鍵詞交互設(shè)計(jì)、用戶體驗(yàn)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)品、跨學(xué)科、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)

1 簡介

傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品都是像烤面包機(jī)、剃須刀、隨身聽等的機(jī)械電子產(chǎn)品。隨著今天計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)能力的提升，微型芯片和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)，傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的概念已經(jīng)改變了。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)始終在解決著人與事物之間的交互方式問題，為產(chǎn)品的形式因素、人機(jī)工程學(xué)、心理規(guī)律學(xué)等而設(shè)計(jì)。計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)品引入了一種新的交互方式，這種方式超越了產(chǎn)品的外形設(shè)計(jì)而延伸到數(shù)字設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域。如今大多數(shù)產(chǎn)品都通過復(fù)雜的交互設(shè)計(jì)嵌入了計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)，那么在這個(gè)信息和數(shù)字時(shí)代工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師們該設(shè)計(jì)什么呢？面對(duì)這些新的衍生產(chǎn)品工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師們又該怎樣去創(chuàng)新呢？

2. 產(chǎn)品的本質(zhì)在信息時(shí)代得以重新闡釋

2.1 產(chǎn)品由軟件驅(qū)動(dòng)

傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品本質(zhì)上是物理性的，而且設(shè)計(jì)受到物理規(guī)律和機(jī)械規(guī)律的限制。如今，許多產(chǎn)品實(shí)際上就是微型電腦，其中隱藏著很強(qiáng)的計(jì)算能力，如可以儲(chǔ)存超過40GB的數(shù)字信息，甚至能夠提高處理速度。產(chǎn)品在本質(zhì)上成為了既包括軟件又包括硬件的混合體。例如：傳統(tǒng)的隨身聽演變成了MP3，機(jī)械照相機(jī)演變成了數(shù)碼照相機(jī)，無線電話演變成了手機(jī)等等。當(dāng)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的功能更多地依賴于軟件能力時(shí)，那么對(duì)于產(chǎn)品的定義就不僅僅取決于硬件了。

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2.2 產(chǎn)品具有網(wǎng)絡(luò)性質(zhì)

再者，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品可以聯(lián)網(wǎng)而且存儲(chǔ)在產(chǎn)品中的數(shù)字信息得以轉(zhuǎn)換并且分享。例如：手機(jī)之間發(fā)送短信息，從個(gè)人數(shù)字設(shè)備到桌上電腦同步傳輸信息，以及從網(wǎng)絡(luò)上下載音樂到MP3。產(chǎn)品不再是獨(dú)立的物體，而是各個(gè)部分相互深刻影響的系統(tǒng)。作為美國杰出的工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目之一，交互邊緣總結(jié)：我們不再把產(chǎn)品看作是設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)并嵌入到人們生活的獨(dú)立的物體，而是將其看作是硬件設(shè)計(jì)和軟件設(shè)計(jì)的綜合。硬件和軟件需要形成統(tǒng)一體，并且我們應(yīng)該將產(chǎn)品視為物體和空間這一更大系統(tǒng)的一部分。

3. 交互式設(shè)計(jì)是什么

交互設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域仍然處于哺乳期，僅僅發(fā)展了大概十年左右。由于計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的誕生，計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為了軟件工程的主角。與建筑領(lǐng)域類似，土木工程師主要設(shè)計(jì)建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)，而建筑師主要設(shè)計(jì)人們在這種結(jié)構(gòu)下的生活方式；在計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的世界里，軟件工程師確保軟件的可用性，而交互設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)人們與計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品之間的交互方式。

過去，計(jì)算機(jī)的概念就是臺(tái)式電腦，然而隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)生了演變，它已經(jīng)不僅指個(gè)人臺(tái)式電腦而是滲入到了我們生活的方方面面。消費(fèi)者的日常電子用品，例如：MP3，汽車導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)以及可聯(lián)網(wǎng)的電冰箱，都是計(jì)算機(jī)在日常生活中所表現(xiàn)出來的形式。這樣只為計(jì)算機(jī)屏幕“界面”而設(shè)計(jì)的概念已不再足夠了。就這一點(diǎn)而言，交互設(shè)計(jì)跨越了工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的領(lǐng)域。“交互”這個(gè)詞最初由ＩＤＥＯ的創(chuàng)始人比爾·莫里扎創(chuàng)造，它是用來描述產(chǎn)品的行為設(shè)計(jì)、任務(wù)流和信息結(jié)構(gòu)的，它使技術(shù)得以應(yīng)用、理解并且讓人們快樂地使用使用它們。一名交互設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)艾琳·麥卡拉-麥克威廉說：“交互設(shè)計(jì)師必須要理解人，理解人們做事、交流、學(xué)習(xí)的方式�！� 4. 工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)和交互式設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)系

隨著產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)的演變，產(chǎn)品制造者的角色也在發(fā)生著變化。在產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展過程中，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師一直在設(shè)計(jì)物品的外形極其人機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)。一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目通常開始于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中所需的簡單的機(jī)械和電子裝置的設(shè)計(jì)。并且由工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)出不同的外形和風(fēng)格以適應(yīng)于用戶和目標(biāo)市場。

隨著新形式混合型網(wǎng)絡(luò)產(chǎn)品的出現(xiàn)，這種情況也在發(fā)生著變化。首先，由于軟件成為了產(chǎn)品用戶體驗(yàn)不可或缺的一部分，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師就不能夠不考慮軟件的體驗(yàn)而單獨(dú)設(shè)計(jì)硬件了。硬件上的一個(gè)按鈕可以激活屏顯，并且如果硬件和軟件之間沒有緊密結(jié)合起來的話，用戶在體驗(yàn)上將會(huì)失望。第二，今天設(shè)計(jì)師所需的技能不僅僅是外形設(shè)計(jì)。許多公司正在面臨的挑戰(zhàn)不是技術(shù)能夠做什么而是技術(shù)應(yīng)該做什么。在重新定義這些新的產(chǎn)品類型學(xué)應(yīng)該是什么和設(shè)想人們應(yīng)該怎樣體驗(yàn)它們這方面，設(shè)計(jì)師的創(chuàng)造力可以拓展到更多的戰(zhàn)略角色上。

工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品不能夠?qū)⑵浣缑婧褪褂铆h(huán)境分離開來，一個(gè)很好的例子就是：阿姆斯特丹機(jī)場的公用電話亭。這個(gè)電話亭可以發(fā)郵件還可以上網(wǎng)。它由兩個(gè)部分組成，一個(gè)是在腰部位置的輸入界面觸摸屏，一個(gè)是在頭部的大的公共顯示屏。這樣的設(shè)計(jì)就沒有考慮到郵件隱私方面的問題，當(dāng)郵件進(jìn)入到小的屏幕中是也會(huì)在上面的大屏幕中顯示出來。由于虛擬的鍵盤不準(zhǔn)

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確并且可能有錯(cuò)誤的輸入，因此用一個(gè)觸摸屏界面來接受郵件也是非常笨重的。

5.思維與創(chuàng)作的新形式

一個(gè)產(chǎn)品本性的典型變化需要新形式的思維與創(chuàng)造。軟件驅(qū)動(dòng)的并且聯(lián)網(wǎng)的產(chǎn)品使得產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展更具復(fù)雜性，而且當(dāng)產(chǎn)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)完整之后，將軟件功能分配給硬件按鈕的老方法將不能保證一個(gè)合理的操作體驗(yàn)。工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該把用戶體驗(yàn)作為一個(gè)整體來考慮，而不是僅僅考慮產(chǎn)品的外觀設(shè)計(jì)。另外，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師也應(yīng)該跨越獨(dú)立物體設(shè)計(jì)的思維，轉(zhuǎn)而考慮相互依賴的產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。

對(duì)于新產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新，工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師考慮的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該從集中于產(chǎn)品外觀設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)變到首先考慮人們的行為和需求。依靠采取設(shè)計(jì)師-研究者的角色去揭開這些潛在的需求可以鼓舞設(shè)計(jì)師們在人們真實(shí)體驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上去創(chuàng)新。

隨著產(chǎn)品復(fù)雜性的增加，對(duì)于工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)師來說突破只為硬件產(chǎn)品而設(shè)計(jì)的傳統(tǒng)觀念是必要的，并且跨越國界組成一個(gè)交互設(shè)計(jì)師、軟件工程師等的團(tuán)隊(duì)來一起工作也是必要的。這樣可以確保產(chǎn)生一個(gè)融硬件、軟件及分布式系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)于一體的更加合理的用戶體驗(yàn)式設(shè)計(jì)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

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【2】沃克，A.“交互，反映與體驗(yàn)：設(shè)計(jì)的新招牌” 藍(lán)圖，2001年8月

【3】諾曼，D.《隱形電腦：為什么好的產(chǎn)品會(huì)失敗，個(gè)人電腦是如此的復(fù)雜？信息家電

才是解決方法》麻省理工學(xué)院出版社（再版），1999年

【4】普瑞斯，羅杰斯和夏普《交互式設(shè)計(jì)：超越人機(jī)交互》約翰威利和父子公司，2002

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【5】阿爾本，L.“處于交互設(shè)計(jì)的核心” 設(shè)計(jì)管理日志，1997年夏

【6】阿爾本，L.“體驗(yàn)的品質(zhì)：為有效交互設(shè)計(jì)制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)” 交互，1996年5月

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