被動語態復習

　　語態(voice)

　　作為一個語法范疇，是表示主語和動詞之間的主動或被動關系的動詞行式。英語動詞有兩種語態：主動語態(active voice)和被動語態(passive voice)。當主語為動作執行者即施動者時，動詞用主動態；如果主語是動作的承受者即受動者時，動詞便用被動態。例如：

　　(1) john helped peter.

　　(2) peter was helped by john.

　　句(1) helped是主動態；句(2)was helped是被動態,可見主動態是無標記的，而被動態是有標記的。

　　構成

　　被動語態由助動詞be的時態之一和及物動詞的過去分詞構成。被動語態可用于各種時態，其時態變化通過助動詞be的不同形式來體現。如：一般現在時的被動態構成形式為助動詞am/is/are + 過去分詞；而一般過去時的被動態構成形式為was/were + 過去分詞。本冊要掌握的被動語態形式有：

　　一般現在時：am/is/are + 過去分詞

　　e.g. football is played all over the world.

　　i’m often asked to do this work.

　　我常常被派做這項工作。

　　一般過去時：was/were +過去分詞

　　e.g. the terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near xi’an.

　　they were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.

　　when was the building completed?

　　這座大樓什么時候建成的？

　　一般將來時：will (shall) + be +過去分詞

　　be going to + be + 過去分詞

　　e.g. the result of the exam will be known soon.

　　they are going to be given a difficult test.

　　一般過去將來時：should(would) be+過去分詞

　　e.g. the teacher said the results would be published soon.

　　he told me that the film would be shown the next week.

　　現在進行時：am/is/are + being +過去分詞

　　e.g. the new airport is being built by a foreign company.

　　一家外國公司正在承建這座新機場。

　　the song is being sung by the girls now.

　　過去進行時：was/were being+過去分詞

　　e.g. the song was being sung by the girls when i got there.

　　the student was being criticized when i went into the

　　teacher’s office.

　　將來完成時：will have been+過去分詞

　　e.g. by the end of next term XX english words will

　　have been learned.

　　the building will have been built by next year.

　　現在完成時：has/have + bee n +過去分詞

　　e.g. all the tickets have been sold .

　　the book has been translated into many languages.

　　這本書已被譯成多種語言。

　　過去完成時：had been+過去分詞

　　e.g. forty schools had been visited by last year.

　　all the tickets had been sold out when i got to the cinema.

　　過去將來完成時：would have been+過去分詞

　　e.g. he said many words would have been learned by XX.

　　they promised that ten books would have been published

　　by the next month.

　　情態動詞：情態動詞 + be + 過去分詞

　　e.g. this road must be mended.

　　the machine parts may be needed in our work.

　　工作中可能需要這些機器零部件。

　　動詞不定式：to be + 過去分詞

　　e.g. i’m glad to be asked questions.

　　it is impossible for lost time to be made up.

　　失去的時間不可彌補。

　　主要用法

　　被動態常用于下列幾種場合：

　　1．當不知道或不必提出動作的執行者時（這時都不帶由by引起的短語）；

　　printing was introduced into europe from china.

　　印刷術是從中國引入歐洲的。

　　the airplane was made in u.s.

　　such books are written for children. 這種書是為兒童寫的。

　　2. 動作的承受者是談話的中心（這時可帶有由by引起的短語）；

　　the song was composed by a student.

　　這首歌曲是一個學生譜寫的。

　　thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.

　　3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說出動作執行者是誰。

　　you are requested to get here in time.

　　請您準時來這兒。

　　帶行為主體的被動態

　　行為主體就是動作的執行者，即執行動詞所表達的動作的人或物。在被動句中，往往不提及行為主體；但當強調動作的執行者時，可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動態句的末尾，說明是什么人或物應對有關事件負責。

　　e.g. the village was destroyed by a bomb.

　　這個村莊毀于炸彈。

　　the painting is very valuable. it was painted by van gogh.

　　這幅畫很值錢，它是梵高畫的。

　　其它用法補充

　　1.“it + 被動語態+ that 從句”。表示謹慎或不太肯定的語氣。常用于該結構的動詞有：say, think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest, prove 等。

　　e.g. it is said that prices will rise again this month.

　　據說本月物價還將上漲。

　　it is thought that about a million dogs are born each year.

　　據認為每年約有一百條狗出生。

　　it is reported that all the passengers died in the crash.

　　據報導所有乘客在那次飛機墜毀中遇難。

　　it is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.

　　2. 用于通告標題廣告等的被動態往往省去助動詞be。

　　e.g. no chinese spoken here.

　　shoes repaired.

　　famous painting stolen. 名畫被盜。

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