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Whats the World Trade Organization
中國復關和入世談判,歷盡艱辛,一波三折。我們過去沒有,現在不會,將來也不可能為了一個國際組織的成員資格,而犧牲我們的重大利益。 ——對外貿易經濟合作部首席談判代表 龍永圖
一、世界貿易組織ABC:
什么是世界貿易組織?
What's the World Trade Organization?
答:世界貿易組織是世界上獨一無二的處理國家之間貿易規則的世界性組織,其核心是世貿協議。
The World Trade Organization(WTO)is the only international body dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements.
其目的有三:
1.使貿易盡可能的自由流動;
2.作為一個貿易談判的論壇;
3.爭端解決。
WTO has three main purposes:
1. To help trade flow as freely as possible
2. To serve as a forum for trade negotiations
3. To settle disputes
其原則有五:
1.非歧視;(without discrimination)
2.更自由;(freer)
3.可預見;(predictable)
4.更具競爭性;(more competitive)
5.更利于欠發達國家。 (more beneficial for less developed countries)
WTO的組織結構是怎樣的?
部長級大會
Ministerial Conference
總理事會
General Council
委員會 貨物貿易理事會 與貿易有關的知識產權理事會 服務貿易理事會
Committees Council for Trade Council for Trade-Related Council for Trade on in Goods Aspects of Intellectual in Services
關于:Property Rights
貿易與環境,
trade and environment
貿易與發展, 等
Trade and Development
諸邊協議
Plurilaterals
注:總理事會其實是"三位一體",即貿易政策審議機構、爭端解決機構和總理事會。
GATT和WTO的區別在哪里?
答:主要區別在于:
The main differences:
關貿總協定是臨時的。從未得到成員立法機構的批準,也未包括創立一個機構的條款。
GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in member's parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization.
世界貿易組織及世貿協議是永久性的。作為一個國際組織,世界貿易組織由于成員的立法機構批準了世貿協議,且世貿協議本身描述了世貿的運作方式,因而有了很好的法律基礎。
The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function.
世貿有"成員".關貿總協定有"締約方",強調了關貿總協定正式而言是一個法律文本。
The WTO has "members". GATT had "contracting parties", underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text.
關貿總協定管的是貨物貿易,世貿還管服務貿易和知識產權。
GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well.
世貿爭端解決體系較關貿總協定更迅速,更主動,其裁決不受阻撓。
The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.
二、WTO小知識點:
國民待遇——給予外國人和本國人一樣的待遇。
National treatment——giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals
諸邊協議——指幾個世貿成員之間,而非全體成員之間簽署的協議,如《民用航空器協議》( Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft)和《政府采購協議》 (Agreement on Government Procurement)。
Plurilaterals——signed by only a few WTO members rather than all
WTO歷任總干事:
The directors-general of WTO
Peter Sutherland (Ireland)GATT 1993-1994; WTO 199
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