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考研閱讀理解Part A命題規(guī)律與答題技巧：（四）
(四)推理判斷題
1. 推理判斷題的特點(diǎn)、種類及題干表現(xiàn)形式
這類題具有較大的難度，要求考生在理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)文章中所闡述的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)和上下文的暗示與線索進(jìn)行綜合分析，然后做出推斷、引申或得出合情合理的結(jié)論。因此，考生須細(xì)讀全文，不僅要掌握文章的表層意義；還要理解深層的內(nèi)涵；不僅要掌握言明的觀點(diǎn)和傾向，還要獲取字里行間的信息。切忌無根無據(jù)地隨意猜想 。這種題型可以針對全文進(jìn)行提問，也可以只針對一個段落或一句話進(jìn)行推理。
推理判斷題一般分為三類：
1) 局部推斷 (推斷句子或段落的內(nèi)容)：表面文字信息和線索是推斷的前提和依據(jù)，所以增強(qiáng)對能反映作者觀點(diǎn)立場的線索的敏感性十分重要。
2) 全面推斷：推測文章主題或內(nèi)容以及文章上文或下文可能出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容。
3) 推測文章來源：問何種題材，體裁；文章可能選自何種專著等。
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常用的關(guān)鍵提問詞有infer, imply, suggest，conclude，show，appear，support，assume, know，learn，draw conclusion from等。比如：
(1)The passage is intended to ____.
(2)The passage implies that ____.
(3)The writer implies that ____.
(4)It can be inferred from the passage/text that ____.
(5)It can be concluded from the passage that ____.
(6)We can conclude(infer，see)from the article that ____.
(7)The author suggests that ____.
(8)An inference which may be made from the article is ____.
(9)From the last paragraph we know that ____.
(10)The next paragraph would most probably deal with ____.
(11)The paragraph preceding (following)this one may discuss ____.
(12)In the paragraph following this one, we may expect the author to discuss ____.
(13)The passage appears to be ____.
2.推理判斷題的命題規(guī)律
1) 對篇首、篇尾、段落中的主題句概括歸納，從而得出綜合性推論。
2) 圍繞文章若干段落，推理、判斷段落間的關(guān)系。
3) 支持主題思想的細(xì)節(jié)部分常被用來對一定內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理、判斷。
4) 文章或段落的開頭或結(jié)尾總結(jié)處。
5) 語義轉(zhuǎn)折處。
3.推理判斷題干擾項(xiàng)與正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)
1）干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：
A 以假亂真，編造信息：不是在文章事實(shí)或上下文(句)邏輯基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行推理而得出的觀點(diǎn)；
混淆本末，主次不分：雖然以文章提供的事實(shí)或內(nèi)在邏輯為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行推理，但推理過頭，概括過度。
B 直接、間接不分：文章中明確表達(dá)當(dāng)成推理出來的；
C 因果顛倒：原文的原因變成了選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)果，或反之；
D 手段與目的顛倒：原文的手段變成了選項(xiàng)中的目的，或反之。
2) 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)：
A 一般含義不肯定(或主觀)的，或有新義的，或不合理的是答案。如含有 can, some, more or less, usually, relatively, not necessarily, suggest, be likely to, possible, dubious，expect, ignore, suspect, overlook, like, dislike, new, most, often, discuss, believe, could, may, should, might, whether等詞的選項(xiàng)是正確選項(xiàng)。
B 如果四個選項(xiàng)全能憑常識判斷，其中含義深刻的是解；或四個選項(xiàng)中惟一一個不是常識項(xiàng)的是答案。
C 應(yīng)該注意選項(xiàng)中是文中說明的，即使符合原文，也不是正確選項(xiàng)。
4.推理判斷題答題技巧例解
這種題主要測試考生對作者沒有直接說出來的隱含內(nèi)容能否正確理解并得出正確結(jié)論，或?qū)ψ髡咔懊嬉褦⑹龅膬?nèi)容或下文將要敘述的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行正確的推理。考生需根據(jù)內(nèi)容、邏輯關(guān)系，有理有據(jù)地推斷出正確答案。
1） 要求對某段內(nèi)容做出推理、判斷，那么就只看要求作答的那一部分。例如：
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.
Q: What can we learn from the last paragraph?
[A]Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.
[B]In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.
[C]In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.
[D]Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.
答案是[D]。根據(jù)題干要求，我們在最后一段(上文)中尋找答案。[A]說在戰(zhàn)爭期間政府會濫用權(quán)力，與原文意義相反；[B]說戰(zhàn)爭期間政府在邊界擴(kuò)張它們的權(quán)力，是對原文第三句話的誤解；[C]說戰(zhàn)爭期間政府對人們有更高的宗教和道德要求，是對最后一句話的誤解；[D]說戰(zhàn)爭期間為了國家利益政府會要求人們做出犧牲，是綜合第二句和第四句話后半部分推導(dǎo)出的正確結(jié)論。
2)答案選項(xiàng)是文中詞句表達(dá)形式的轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of system is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special-purpose lane system, in which certain lane is reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special-purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Q: We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways .
[A]are being planned [B]are being modified
[C]are now in wide use [D]are under construction
答案是[A]。文中第一段(上文)第三句話的字面意思是兩種系統(tǒng)正在制圖的過程中，意即[A]“自動車道的兩種系統(tǒng)正在計(jì)劃建設(shè)中”。[B]、[C]、[D]明顯與原文不符。解答此題的關(guān)鍵是在文中能找到與選項(xiàng)意思一致的句子。
3)合乎常理、意義深刻的一般是答案。例如：
Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels; and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is "intelligent." Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each present moment of every day.
Q: It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree ____.
[A] may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problems
[B] does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documents
[C] may make one mentally sick and physically weak
[D] does not mean that one is highly intelligent
答案是[D]。比較四個選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)只有[D]符合一般常識。[A]說擁有大學(xué)學(xué)歷會導(dǎo)致一個人無力解決現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的復(fù)雜問題；[B]是對原文letter certificates的誤解，它指的是大學(xué)學(xué)歷，而非寫作能力；[C]說會使一個人身心疲憊。對比之下，[D]既符合常理，也符合原文。
4)措辭過于絕對，一般不是答案。
5)在處理與主旨大意有關(guān)的問題時(shí)，或處理與文章首尾有關(guān)的推論題時(shí)，特別要讀懂首尾句，再快速閱讀其他部分。
6)結(jié)論過于絕對化；結(jié)論概括過度；結(jié)論過于片面的不是答案。
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