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初中英語基礎語法3-形容詞/副詞
形容詞三、形容詞(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,對名詞起修飾和描繪作用
四、副詞(adv.)表示動作特征或性狀,主要修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞及整個句子
(一)形容詞的用法及位置
1.形容詞在句中作定語、表語、賓語補足語等,作定語時一般放在名詞前。
Eg. She has short hair.(作定語)
Paul is tall.(作表語)
We must keep our room clean.(作賓補)
2.形容詞修飾不定代詞時放在其后。
eg.She has something important to tell us./
There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.
(二)副詞的種類、用法及位置
1.副詞的種類
(1)時間副詞
①表示大體時間:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
②表示頻率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地點副詞
①表地點:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,
nowhere,somewhere.
②表位置關系(后接賓語時,用作介詞):
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,
away,near,off,past
(3)方式副詞表示謂語動詞“怎樣地”,(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構成):
badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,
politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,
wrongly,suddenly.
(4)程度副詞 多數用來修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑問副詞 構成特殊疑問句:how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語、賓語或表語從句:how,when,where,why
(7)關系副詞 引導定語從句:when,where,why
(8)其它性質的副詞對整個句子進行說明,一般用逗號與主句隔開:
frankly(坦率地說,說真的),generally(一般說來),luckily(幸運地是),first of all(首先)等。
2.副詞的用法及位置
(1)修飾動詞作狀語
①多數位于動詞之后,及物動詞的賓語或介問的賓語之后。
eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.
She speaks English well.
The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
②頻度副詞放在動詞前,情態動詞和助動詞之后。
eg.He always goes to school On foot.
She was often late for school.
I have never been to Beijing·
(2)修飾形容詞作狀語,放在形容詞前。
eg.He has a very nice watch.
The box is too heavy.
(3)修飾另一副詞作狀語,放在另一副詞前。
eg.She paints quite well.
You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.
(4)作表語,放在系動詞后。
eg.Is anybody in?
(5)作賓語補足語,放在賓語之后。
eg.I saw him out just now.
(6)作定語,放在名詞之后。
eg.There is a man:here On vacation.
(7)疑問副詞、修飾整個句子的副詞以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副詞,一般放在句首。
eg.Finally,I finished the work.
Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
(8)表示程度的副詞一般放在被修飾詞前,而enough則放在它所修飾的詞后。
eg. He is old enough to go to school.
(三)形容詞和副詞的比較等級
1.比較級、最高級的構成
(1)單音節和少數雙音節詞
①一般在詞尾加er或est
great——greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest
②以e結尾的只加r或st
nice——nicer——nicest,large——larger—largest.
③以輔音字母加y結尾的,先變y為i,再加er或est
heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest,
busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,
early——earlier→earliest
④以重讀閉音節結尾的詞,先雙寫最末的一個輔音字母,再加er或est
big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—fatter→fattest,
fitt—fitter→fittest
(2)多音節和部分雙音節詞,前加more為比較級,加(the)most為最高級
careful→more careful——most careful
useful——more useful——most useful
popular→more popular→most popular
carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly
(3)不規則變化的詞
good/well→better→best
bad/ill/badly→worse→worst
many/much→more→most
little→less→least
old→older/elder→oldest(指年齡大小)/eldest(指長幼順序)
far→farther/further→farthest(指距離)/furthest(指程度)
2.形容詞和副詞比較級、最高級的用法
(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的用法
①用于兩者比較,表示“比…更…”:
“A+系動詞+形容詞比較級+than+B,
eg.I am two years older than my little sister.
“A+謂語動詞+副詞比較級+than+B:
eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
②用于兩者之間的同級比較,表示“…和…一樣”:
“A+系動詞+as+形容詞原級+as+B,
eg.Bill is as funny as his father.
“A+謂語動詞+as+副詞原級+as+B”
eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.
③表示甲在某方面不如乙:
“A+系動詞+notas/so+形容i司原級+as十B”
eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.
“A+助動詞/情態動詞+not+謂語動詞+aS/SO+B”
eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.
④表示某個范圍內的兩者相比:
“A十動詞十the+比較級+of短語(比較范圍)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是這兩個女孩中較高的一個。
⑤表示“越來越…”:“比較級+and+比較級”
eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天變得越來越長。
⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比較級…the+比較級”
eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英語練得越多,就會學得越好。
①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修飾比較級表示程度,但決不可用very修飾。
eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一點;
it is even colder today than yesterday. 今天甚至比昨天更冷
⑧在比較級中,為了避免重復,可用that或those代替前面提到過的事情。
eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.這兒比我的老家熱得多。
The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.這家商店的褲子比那家商店的褲子質量好得多。
(3)形容詞和副詞最高級的用法
對三者或三者以上的人或物進行比較時用最高級。形容詞最高級前面要加定冠詞the,副詞最高級前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可帶of/in短浯來說明比較范圍:
“主語+系動詞+the+形容詞最高級+of短語/in短語”
eg.She is the youngest Of all.
“A+謂語動詞+(the)+最高級+of短語/in短語”
eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.
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