職稱英語衛生類A級的真題及答案
從小學、初中、高中到大學乃至工作,我們經常接觸到考試真題,考試真題可以幫助學校或各主辦方考察參試者某一方面的知識才能。那么問題來了,一份好的考試真題是什么樣的呢?以下是小編整理的職稱英語衛生類A級真題及答案,僅供參考,希望能夠幫助到大家。
職稱英語衛生類A級真題及答案 1
Screen Test
1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a, survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.
2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.
3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160, 000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.
4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.
7. “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”
練習:
1.Paragraph 2 ________________
2.Paragraph 3 ________________
3.Paragraph 4 ________________
4.Paragraph 5 ________________
A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman
B Investigating the Effect of Screening
C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models
D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation
E Treatment of Cancers
F Factors That Trigger Cancers
5.Early discovery of breast cancer may________________.
6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are________________.
7.Delaying the age at which screening starts may________________.
8.Radiation exposure should be ________________.
A be costly
B harmful
C save a life
D still open to debate
E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer
F reduced to the minimum
答案與題解:
1.A A說的是:用X射線檢查可能對年輕女人不好。下面是第二段講的意思:但是。用X射線檢查年輕女人,就醫學上的好處而論,是有爭議的,部分原因是輻射有誘發癌癥的小小的危險。另外,年輕女人乳房組織緊密。給予的X射線的劑量要多一些。
2.B B說的是:調查用X射線檢查的結果。第三段的第一句話是這么說的:Valencia理工大學的研究人員分析了11個社區診所用X射線檢查16萬以上女人的結果。
3.C C說的是:兩種不同的模型預測的結果。第四段講的是,兩種不同的數學模型在預測用X射線檢査女人誘發癌癥的結果是不一樣的。C概括了這段話。
4.D D說的是:輻射誘發癌癥的危險是很小的。第五段的第一句話是這么說的:The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.研究人員爭辯說,與發現后接受治療的癌癥數字相比,由輻射誘發癌癥的數字是很小的。
5.C C與題干生成:Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌發現得早也許能挽救生命。答案可以從第一段中找到。
6.D D 與題干生成:Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate.對50歲以下的女人用X射線檢查的好處仍然是有爭議的`。第二段的第一個句子是這么說的:But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial... 但是,用X射線檢查年輕女人,就醫學上的好處而論,是有爭議的……這兩個句子用詞有些差別,基本意思是相同的。
7.E E與題干生成:Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce the risk of– radiation triggering a cancer.延緩用X射線檢查的年齡也許能減少輻射誘發癌癥的危險。答案在第六段。
8.F F與題干生成:Radiation exposure should be reduced to the minimum.應把接受福射降低到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。
職稱英語衛生類A級真題及答案 2
Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers
Young female chimps are faster and better learners than young male chimps, suggests a new study, echoing learning differences seen in human girls and boys.
While young male chimps pass their time playing. Young female chimps carefully study their mothers. As a result, they learn how to fish for tasty termite snacks over two years before the boys.
Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, US, and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul spent four years watching how young chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania learned “cultural behavior”.
The sex differences in learning behavior were “consistent and strikingly apparent”, says the team. The researchers point out that similar differences are seen in human children with regard to skills such as writing. “A sex-based learning differences may therefore date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.” they write in the journal Nature.
Chimps make flexible tools from vegetation and then them into termite mounds, extract them and then munch the termites clinging onto the tool. The researchers used video cameras to record this feeding behavior and found that each chimp mother had her own technique, such as how she used tools of different lengths.
Analysis of the six infants whose ages were known showed that girl chimps were an average of 31 months old when they succeeded in fishing out their termites, where the boy chimps were aged 58 months on average. Females were also more skillful at getting out more termites with every dip and used techniques similar to their mothers while males did not.
Instead of studying their mothers, the boy chimps spent a significantly greater amount of time frolicking around the termite mound. Behaviors such as playing or swinging might help the male infants later in life when typically male activities like hunting or fighting for dominance become important, suggest the researchers.
Lonsdorf adds that there just two main sources of animal protein for chimps — the termites or colobus monkeys. “Mature males often hunt monkeys up trees, but females are almost always either pregnant or burdened with a clinging infant. This makes hunting difficult,” she says .“Adult females spend more time fishing for termites than males.” So becoming proficient at termite fishing could mean adult females eat better, “They can watch their offspring at the same time. The young of both sexes seen to pursue activities related to their adult sex roles{10} at a very young age.”
練習:
1. Why do young female chimps learn faster than young male chimps at fishing for termites? A Because young female chimps don’t play with their brothers. B Because young female chimps begin to study their mothers earlier. C Because young male chimps never learn to fish for termites. D Because young male chimps are not interested in termites.
2. What are the tools with which chimps fish for termites? A Tree branches. B Vegetation. C Fruits. D Grass.
3. Which of the Following is true about chimps fishing for termites according to paragraph 6? A Males often compete with females in fishing for termites. B Males could get out more termites with every dip. C Females could get out more termites with every dip. D Males are good at mastering technique for fishing for termites.
4. How did the researchers explain the fact that boy chimps spent more time on playing? A They like hunting. B They enjoy fighting. C It helps them to stay fit. D It will make them good fighters and hunters in the future.
5. According to the last paragrnph, which of the following is NOT true? A Adult chimps hunt monkeys while young chimps fish for termites. B The main source of animal protein for male chimps is colobus monkeys. C The main source of animal protein for female chimps is termites. D Female chimps fish for termites while watching their children.
答案與題解 :
1. B 根據第二段的內容,雄性小猩猩將時間用來玩要,而雌性小猩猩則研究她們母親的行為,因此,她們比雄性小猩猩早兩年學會捕食白蟻。 A、D文中沒有提到, C與問題沒有關系。
2. B第五段的第一個句子告訴我們,猩猩用植物作成方便的工具,用來捕食白蟻。 A、C和 D均是錯誤的。
3. C 該段告訴我們,對六只小猩猩的分析表明,雌性小猩狠不但較早學會捕食白蟻 .而且能比雄性小猩猩更為熟練地捕食到更多的白蟻。所以, B和 D都不是正確選項。 A項內容文中沒有提到。
4. D A、B和 C都是錯誤的,因為文中沒有捉到雄性小猩猩喜歡獵食和打斗,也沒有提及玩耍能使他們更健康。D是正確答案。第七段昀后一句說,他們喜歡玩耍的.行為有助于他們長大后的生活,因為,到那時,他們要獵食和爭權奪位。
5. A 根據昀后一段的內容,成年雄猩猩主要獵食生活在樹上的一種叫做 colobus(疣猴)的猴子,而雌性猩猩捕食白蟻。所以 A是正確選項。 B、C和 D的內容均可在該段中找到。
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