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PETS三級閱讀—抓住文章的主旨要義
推斷短文的主旨大意題是閱讀測試中測定考生閱讀能力經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的一種題,也是考生感到最為棘手、最容易出錯的題。在PETS三考試中,主旨推斷題不僅頻繁出現(xiàn)在閱讀測試中,還專門設(shè)有一個大題(61-65)全部是有關(guān)主旨的。主旨推斷題要求考生具有很強的話語篇章把握能力和分析能力,能夠從全局的角度對文章括以總領(lǐng),梳清脈絡(luò)。可以說,對閱讀理解主旨題的把握能力決定了閱讀這個整體題項的成敗,它也是衡量閱讀水平高低的一個重要標(biāo)尺。所以,如果我們在這個題上能夠取得突破,就等于是攻克了閱讀當(dāng)中最頑固的堡壘,其它類型的題也就不在話下了。所謂主旨大意題指針對段落或短文的subject(主題)、main idea(主題思想)、title(題目)或purpose(目的)擬題。盡管題型或用詞不盡相同,但所針對的都是段落(或短文)的主旨大意。以下是針對段落(或短文)的主旨大意所設(shè)立的常見題型:1. What is the main idea of this paragraph(passage)?
2. What is the authors main point?
3. The main idea (central thought)of the paragraph(passage)is--------
4. Which of the following sentences best expresses the main idea?
5. What does the paragraph (passage)mainly suggest?
6. The main point of the paragraph(passage)is-----
7. The paragraph (passage)centers on the point that---------
8. The author seems to be especially interested in------
9. The topic sentence of the paragraph(passage)?
10. What topic is treated in this paragraph(passage)?
11. What the paragaph (passage) tells us would be summarized by the sentence---
12. The best summary of the paragraph (passage)is that ---
13. The paragraph (passage)informs us that---
14. We can infer from the paragraph (passage)that----
15. What does this paragraph (passage) imply?
16. What is the subject of this paragraph (passage)?
17. Which of the following can be concluded from the information presented in this paragraph (passage)?
18. What conclusion can be drawn from this paragraph (passage) ?
19. The (main) subject of the paragraph (passage) is----
20. Which of the following best states the theme of paragraph (passage)?
21. The paragraph (passage) states (illustrates, discusses, deals with, is concerned about, describes)-----
22. The main purpose of this paragraph (passage) is that ---
23. What is discussed (talk about)in this paragraph (passage)?
24.The main (primary)purpose of the paragraph (passage)?
25. What is the author’s main purpose?
26. The primary objective of the paragraph (passage) is---
27. The paragraph (passage) indicates that---
28. Which of the following is true?
29. Which of the following would be the best title for this paragraph (passage)?
30. The title of this paragraph (passage) would be----
31. The title that best expresses the main idea is---
在各類英語考試閱讀理解題中,推斷主題大意題所占比例較大,幾乎每一文章都設(shè)一個主旨題。出題者意在通過此題考查考生語篇能力。那么,怎樣才能準(zhǔn)確地把握住短文的主旨大意呢?從以下的實例說明我們便可得到滿意的回答。
All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather condition an enormous amount of information about wealth condition existing at a time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts, droughts, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “out-look” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day out-looks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels which often set the stage for the development of air masses, frosts and storms.
大至每篇文章,小至每一段落,都必然有一個主題。這是因為任何文章(或段落)都是為了向讀者說明一個段落或闡述一個觀點。因此,我們在實際處理這一類型的題時,最關(guān)鍵、最根本之處就在于怎樣去分析、把握文章(或段落)的主題。
一篇文章(或一個段落)可以有很多的次要思想(minor ideas)h和論證性細(xì)節(jié)(supporting details),但中心論點或主題思想(theme,main idea)一般只有一個。中心思想起主導(dǎo)作用,論據(jù)是主題的從屬,它們之間是“主干”與“分枝”的關(guān)系。在考試中,如果這種關(guān)系沒弄清楚,必然導(dǎo)致判斷錯誤。現(xiàn)以上文為例,綜觀全文,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),原文從第二句開始以下各句都是圍繞著第一句這個中心來解釋:Why should they develop this ability?作者是從幾個方面加以解釋:一是map信息包容量大;二是覆蓋面大;三是速度快;再就是可作為期三十天的氣象展望;還可有效地預(yù)報災(zāi)難性天氣。而作為一個學(xué)地理的學(xué)生看懂這樣的氣象圖是必不可少的。所以說原文第一句和下文是一種主從關(guān)系。了解了這一點,就不難推斷出本段的主題思想了。
Question:
What is the main idea of this passage?
[A]Weather maps are very impotant to students of geography.
[B]Weather maps can have a 30-day “outlook”.
[C]Students of geography should be able to make weather maps accurately.
[D]Those who major in geography should possess the ability to have a good understanding of a weather map.
有些考生認(rèn)為,只要選擇答案在原文中能找到對應(yīng)的句子就肯定是正確答案了,其實這是一種誤解,實際上有時能直接找到答案的選擇項正好與正確答案相反。從以上的四個選擇答案看,我們都能在原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子,但它們并非都是文章主題思想。A項只說氣象圖對學(xué)習(xí)地理的學(xué)生十分重要,但未進(jìn)一步說明在哪一方面重要。假設(shè)A項是本文的主題思想,那么,文章的下一步發(fā)展就應(yīng)該對這一論點作進(jìn)一步的論述,只有這樣,才能說服讀者。但原文的發(fā)展并非如此,所以A項非正確答案。B項更不能充當(dāng)本文的主題。因為,它只是說明weather map 中的一個功能。整篇文章都未涉及students要去制做weather map,因而C項也與原文大相徑庭。只有D項與原文的主題句相吻合。
從以上的分析,我們可得出這樣的結(jié)論:辨認(rèn)主題句是獲取段落(或短文)主旨大意的關(guān)鍵所在。何謂主題句呢?凡表述段落(或短文)主旨大意的句子就叫主題句。主題句一般具有三個特點:
(1)意義表達(dá)的總領(lǐng)性比較強,相對其他句子來看,這種概括性更為明顯。
(2)句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單,多數(shù)都不采用長難句的形式。
(3)段落中其他的句子一定是用來解釋、支撐或擴展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想,起到服從、論證、補充的作用。
一般說來,每篇文章(或每個段落)都有其主題句。主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文(或段)首或文(或段)尾,有時可能出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。還有的文章(或段落)沒有明顯的主題句,整篇文章(或段落)乃由一個隱含的中心思想統(tǒng)一起來。在這種文章(或段落)里,所有的論證性細(xì)節(jié)形成一個整體,構(gòu)成作者想要表達(dá)的主題,由于文(或段)中各句子的重要性沒有明顯的差別,文章(或段落)的重心沒有顯示出任何方向性,所以讀這種結(jié)構(gòu)的文章(或段落)要找出其主題就不那么容易,須把每個句子所陳述的意思讀都認(rèn)真理解之后才能確定主題是什么。現(xiàn)請看下面的例子:
Joshna Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation .He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later ,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.
從以上這個段落,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個句子可以單獨陳述該段落的主題,那么,作者寫這個段落的目的是什么呢?通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解每個句子的意思之后,我們便可領(lǐng)悟,作者想告訴讀者的是:Joshna Bingham received an excellent education.所以說這種文章(或段落)只能從文章的字里行間去理解作者的意圖,這樣才能推斷出文章的主旨大意。
(二)領(lǐng)會作者的觀點
作者觀點和態(tài)度有時是從作者的直接表達(dá)中看出來。有時是從批駁他人的觀點中體現(xiàn)的。有時是以具體事例來表明的。而除了與A節(jié)有一部分相同的解題技巧之外,B節(jié)部分還有它特別要注意的技巧:
1.把握指示語中包含的信息
指示語(directions)中包含了文章中涉及的主題內(nèi)容。考生不要忽視了對指示語的閱讀和其中信息的把握。
2.把握每段的中心意思和說話人的態(tài)度
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