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考研英語語法重難點精解之動詞
一般將來時(Simple Future Tense)
一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態,其形式和用法如下所述。
1. will/shall+動詞,表示單純的將來含義。
例句: Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23題)
分析: 該句是復合句。written and spoken作定語修飾language;that后是一結果狀語從句。
譯文: 有朝一日,軟件既能用來做文字翻譯又能做口頭翻譯,而且能翻譯得很好,以至于對任何通用的第二語言的需求都會下降。
例句: Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (選自2006年Text 2)
分析: 該句是復合句。which引導的定語從句修飾its own hotel;從句中you may be sure是插入語,從句的主干部分為which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。
譯文: 希爾頓正在那兒建立自己的酒店,你或許可以肯定它將配有(以莎士比亞劇中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特漢堡包店、李爾王休息室、班柯宴會包間等,而且價格非常昂貴。
2. be going to+動詞,表示按計劃或打算在最近的將來做某事,也可表示對未來的預測。
例句: As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18題)
分析: 該句是復合句。定語從句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分別修飾poor people以及richer people;從句的主干部分為poor people are in conflict with richer people。
譯文: 一般來說,只要窮人與富人(也就是一般的有色人種和白色人種)之間有沖突,那么這個世界上的種族沖突就不會停止。
例句: Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (選自2005年Part C)
分析: 該句是簡單句。
譯文: 顯然,只有規模最大、應變能力最強的電視傳媒集團才能夠在這個精彩紛呈而又競爭 激烈的市場中生存。
3. be to+動詞,表示按計劃或安排將要發生的動作或要求別人去做的事,常用來表示官方的命令、決定、禁止、許可等。
例句:If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句是復合句。其中,在主句中,定語從句it hopes to attract修飾audience。
譯文:如果吉爾伯特和紐約愛樂樂團想獲得成功,他們首先必須改變美國最古老的交響樂團和其想要吸引的新一批觀眾間的關系。
例句: But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006年第49題)
分析: 該句是復合句,本句主干為his primary task is not to think about...any more than...。定語從句which governs his activity修飾the moral code;其中not...any more than意為“不……也不……”。
譯文: 但是,他的首要任務并不是考慮支配自己行動的道德規范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探討行業規范一樣。
4.be about to+動詞,表示最近即將發生的動作,不接時間狀語。
例句: Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (1999年第9題)
分析: 該句是復合句。定語從句who is not about to pay compliments to...修飾a young man。
譯文: 馬林是個有獨立思考能力的年輕人,他不會恭維他的政治領導人。
例句: His brother, who was a school teacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.
分析: 該句是并列復合句,其中定語從句who was a school teacher修飾his brother。主干部分為His brother was...,his stomach ulcers were...,one of his children had to..., and his wife was about to...。
譯文: 他的哥哥是一位老師,已身無分文,并患上了胃潰瘍,他的一個孩子要接受一次大手術,他的愛人將要生一對雙胞胎。
5. 位置移動動詞,如: come,arrive,go,fly,catch,start,leave,travel的用法是be+現在分詞,表示按計劃即將發生的一個動作,常跟較近將來時間狀語連用。
例句: The Spring Festival is coming, and all the urban people are busy engaging in all kinds of preparations.
分析: 該句是由and連接的并列句。
譯文: 春節就要到了,城里人都在忙著做各種各樣的準備。
6. 動詞come,go,start,leave,arrive,return,begin常用一般現在時表示將來,表示已經預先計劃安排好的或肯定發生的動作,主語常為事物名詞。
例句: By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. (1994年第1題)
分析: 該句是復合句。arrive用一般現在時表示將來。
譯文: 你到達倫敦時,我們將已經在歐洲待了兩周了。
現在進行時(Present Continuous Tense)
1. 表示此刻正在進行或在目前限定時間內不斷進行的動作。
例句: That may change fast: lots of proposed data?security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington D.C..(選自2007年Text 4)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內容是對前面所提內容的進一步說明。
譯文: 這一切很快就會改變: 很多提議的信息安全法規正在華盛頓逐一討論。
例句:It?s no surprise that Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life?enriching experience. (選自2011年Text 4)
分析:該句中,破折號前是一個復合句,其中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是Jennifer Senior?s insightful, provocative magazine cover story is arousing much chatter,引號中的內容與其前cover story為同位語關系;破折號后的內容是對前面陳述內容的解釋,suggestion后是一個同位語從句。
譯文:詹妮佛·森尼爾見解深刻、頗具煽動性的雜志封面文章《我愛我的孩子,我討厭我的生活》引發了熱烈的議論,這不足為奇——沒有什么比“育兒絕非完全是實現自我、豐富生活的體驗”這樣的暗示更能引發人們的討論了。
2. 表示現階段正在進行的動作,而此刻并不一定在進行。
例句: The future of this company is at stake: many of its talented employees are following into more profitable net?based businesses. (2001年第30題)
分析: 該句是并列句,冒號后的內容是對前面內容的進一步解釋。
譯文: 這家公司的未來生死未卜,它的許多有才能的雇員正流失到賺錢更多的網絡行業中去。
例句: “Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset, ” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University?s business school.
分析: 該句是復合句,定語從句which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset修飾an asset。
譯文: 斯坦福大學商學院的海姆·門德爾森說: “信息已成為一種資產,需要像其他資產一樣加以保護。”
3. 表示最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作(這一用法見一般將來時用法5)。
4. 在時間或條件狀語從句中,表示將來正在進行的動作。
例句: Take care when you are taking an exam.
Put him up if he is still finding a dwelling place.
注意: 表示狀態、感覺或情感的動詞不用于現在進行時,如: forget, know, see, notice, love, like, hate, desire, believe, look, think, mind, have, seem, sound, remain等。
(六)將來完成時(Future Perfect Tense)和將來完成進行時(Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
1. 表示將來某一時間以前已經完成的動作。
例句: It?s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory will have risen by about 10.
譯文:據報道,到本月底這家工廠的水泥產量將要提升10。
例句: The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.
譯文: 會議在結束前將持續整個星期。
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