考研英語真題閱讀理解試題及名師解析(六)

Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity。

No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthelss, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom。

A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way。

Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science。

21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _________。

[A]sociology and chemistry

[B]physics and psychology

[C]sociology and psychology

[D]physics and chemistry

22. We can infer from the passage that _________。

[A]there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation

[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate _________。

[A]the process of specialization and professionalisation

[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

[C]the change of policies in scientific publications

[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

24. The direct reason for specialization is _________。

[A]the development in communication

[B]the growth of professionalisation

[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge

[D]the splitting up of academic societies

名師解析

21. The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_________.

19世紀專業化的發展在_______等科學領域容易看的更加清楚。

[A]sociology and chemistry   社會學和化學

[B]physics and psychology   物理學和心理學

[C]sociology and psychology  社會學和心理學

[D]physics and chemistry   物理學和化學

【答案】 D

【考點】 事實細節題。

【分析】 根據題干定位到第二段第三、四句，文中提到“專業化要求更長時間、更復雜的培訓，給參與科學活動的業余人士帶來了更大的問題。在特別是以數學和實驗為基礎的那些科學領域里，這一傾向自然表現得最為明顯，英國地質學領域的發展充分地說明了這一點”。在這四個選擇項中，[A]、[B]、[C]都提到了“文科學科”，只有[D]選項中的“物理學和化學”均是“以數學和實驗作為基礎的科學”，因此可以推斷[D]選項符合原文，是正確答案。

22. We can infer from the passage that _____.   從本文可以推斷出______。

[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalization      

在專業化和職業化之間幾乎沒有區別

[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

業余人士在某些領域和專業人士可以競爭

[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

專業人士看上去是歡迎業余人士加入科學團體的

[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

業余人士看起來只有全國性的學術協會，但是沒有地方性的學術協會

【答案】 B

【考點】 推斷題。

【分析】 選項[A]中提到“專業化和職業化之間幾乎沒有區別”，而實際上，它們指的是“不同的領域和方向”，“specialization”針對“研究對象”，“professionalization”針對“研究者”，因此可以排除。選項[C]說“專業人士看上去是歡迎業余人士加入科學團體”這種說法也是不對的，因為專業化的發展使得業余人士受到排擠。[D]選項明顯錯誤，因為文中提到“既有全國性的學術協會，又有地方性的學術協會”。第三段指出“局部的研究(local studies)只有在能被納入并反映出更廣泛研究框架的時候，才為專業人士所接受”。這說明，某些方面的研究是為專業研究者所認可的，同時說明了業余研究與職業研究并存的狀況。既然是并存的，就說明在某個地方是可以競爭的。因此選擇[B]。

23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______。

作者提到地質學發展是為了說明______。

[A] the process of specialization and professionalization

專業化和職業化的過程

[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study

業余人士在科學研究方面的艱辛

[C] the change of policies in scientific publications

科技出版政策的變化

[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

職業人士對業余人士的歧視

【答案】 A

【考點】 作者目的題。

【分析】 根據題干“地質學發展”定位到第二段末尾和第三段，第三段主要講的是地質學的發展；以及第四段第一句“雖然職業化和專業化過程早在19世紀已在英國的地質學領域展開，但直到20世紀我們才看到其全面影響”，因此可以判斷這里的正確答案是[A]。[B]選項認為是“業余研究者在科學研究方面的艱辛”。例子中雖然提到了專業化給業余研究者帶來的不利影響. 但是從整體來看，那個不是重點，地質學的例子主要是為了說明“專業化和職業化過程的形成及其影響”。

24. The direct reason for specialization is _______.    造成專業化的直接原因是_______。

[A] the development in communication  交流的發展

[B] the growth of professionalization  職業化的發展

[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge  科學知識的擴展

[D] the splitting up of academic societies   學術團體的分化

【答案】 C

【考點】 事實細節題。

【分析】 本題要求考生找出現象間的因果關系。全文開篇就指出，“專業化過程可以被看做是對日益積累的科學知識的反應”。這句話的含義實際上就是“科學知識的積累促進了專業化”。因此可以判定[C]是正確選項。[A]選項是不對的，因為根據其中的“交流”一詞可以定位到第一段，文中提到“專業化影響了交流過程

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